秒素组织学与胚胎学——实验指导与彩色图谱

节选

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    作为一本实验教学的简明教材，本书中文版已于2000年7月首次出版，至今已有7年。
本书出版以来，深受读者欢迎。文字简明、重点突出，彩色图版、清晰逼真，课上课下、使用
方便，这是读者对本书的普遍赞誉。但也有读者提出，书内英文注释太少，不利于双语教
学，更不便于留学生应用。针对读者的这些反应，我们进行了修订。在本版中，坚持了实用
性强、应用面广、文字简明、图文并茂的原则，紧密结合实验教学的需要，不求“全、深”，只求
“简明、实用”。同时将修订版改为中英文对照的双语版。无论文字描述还是图例、图注，都
是中英两种文字，且中英文严格对照。这样，学生在学习专业知识的同时，也学到了专业英
语。对于外国留学生来说，使用更方便，在学习专业知识的同时，也学习了专业中文。在各
章之末，还增加了中英对照的复习题，便于学生全面复习、重点掌握。全书共有21章，中英
文版面字数约15万，彩色图片195幅，大部分为实验课上常用的组织切片彩色显微照像，
实用性很强。
    本书在编写过程中得到了十余所院校和科学出版社的支持，在此表示衷心的感谢。在
本书的编写过程中，尽管我们全体作者尽心尽力，力求编出一本精品实验教材，但编写中英
文严格对照的实验教材，对于我们来说还是个尝试，难免有所疏漏，敬请读者批评指正。
    高英茂武玉玲
    2007年7月15日

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第七章神经组织
(一)内容提要
    神经组织由神经元和神经胶质细胞组成，神经元是神经组织的结构和功能单位，接受刺
激、整合信息和传导神经冲动，并通过突触互相连接形成复杂的神经网络，从而调节人体各
系统的活动。神经胶质细胞对神经元起支持、保护、营养和绝缘等作用。
    神经元由胞体和突起组成，突起分树突和轴突。胞体的大小和形状不同，轴突和树
突的数目、结构和功能也不同。神经元的细胞核大、圆、淡染，核厂清楚。神经元的胞质
内除含通常的细胞器外，还含有两种特殊结构：尼氏体和神经原纤维。神经元根据其突
起的数目分为3种类型，即假单极神经元、双极神经元和多极神经元。神经元也可根据
其功能分为3类，即感觉神经元，又称传人神经元；运动神经元，又称传出神经元；中间神
经元。
    神经突触通常是指化学性突触，是神经元之间传导神经冲动的一种特殊结构。突触由
突触前份、突触后份和突触间隙组成，传导神经冲动的化学物质称为神经递质。
     The nervous tissue consists of two types of cells., neurons and neuroglia. The neurons are the
structural and functional unit of nerve tissue, they can receive stimuli, integrate informations , con-
duct nerve impulse and connect one another by synapses to form a complicated nerve network for
regulating the activities of other systems in the body. The neurogtia in nervous tissue are much
more than neurons in number, they can give the neurons supporting, protection, nutrition, separa-
tion and insulation.
     A neuron consists of cell body and neurite which includes dendrite and axon. Cell body vary in
size and in shape. The axon is also different from dendrite in number, structure and function. The
nucleus of neuron is large, round, pale staining, and having a clear neucleolus. In the cytoplasm of
neuron present two special structures, the Nissle body and neurofibril besides the usual organ-
elles. Neuron can be classified into three types according to the number of neurites, they are the
pseudounipolar neuron, the bipolar neuron and the multipolar neuron。 Neurons can also be classi-
fied into three types based on their function, they are the sensory or afferent neuron, the motor or
efferent neuron, and the interneuron.
     The neural synapse is usually directed to the chemical synapse, it is a special structure by which the
nerve impulse is conducted from one neuron to another neuron. The chernical synapse is composed of three
portions, the presynaptica! portion, the postsynaptical portion and the synaptical cleft. The chernical ma-
terial by which the nerve impulse can be conducted is called neurotransmitter.
    神经纤维由轴突或长树突和神经膜细胞构成。神经纤维有两种，即有髓神经纤维和无
髓神经纤维。神经膜细胞和髓鞘的功能是隔离和绝缘。
    神经末梢是位于神经传导通路的起始端和终止端的一种特殊结构。神经末梢有两种，
 即感觉神经末梢和运动神经末梢。感觉神经末梢主要包括游离神经末梢、触觉小体、环层小
体和肌梭；运动神经末梢主要包括运动终板和内脏运动神经末梢。
    神经胶质细胞有多种。在中枢神经系统十，主要有星形胶质细胞，包括原浆型星形胶质
细胞和纤维型星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和室管膜细胞；在周围神经系统中，
主要有施万细胞和卫星细胞，又称被囊细胞。神经胶质细胞的主要功能是支持、保护、营养、
分隔和绝缘。
     The nerve fiber consists of an axon or a long dendrite and neuromembranous cell. It includes
two types, the myelinated nerve fiber and nonmyelinated nerve fiber, the function of the neuromem-
branous cell and the myoline sheath is separation and insulation.
     The nerve ending is the special structure located at the starting portion and the ending portion
of the nerve conductive way. The nerve ending includes two types, the sensory nerve ending and
motor nerve ending. The sensory nerve ending mainly contains free nerve ending, tactile corpuscle,
lamellar corpuscle, muscle spindle, and the motor nerve ending chiefly contains motor end plate and
visceral motor nerve ending.
     In the nervous tissue there are several types of neuroglial cells. In CNS there are chiefly astro-
cyte including protoplasmic astrocyte and fibrous astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia, and epen-
dymal cell. In PNS there are chiefly Schwann cell and satellite cell or capsular cell. The functions of
the neuroglia are mainly supporting, protection, nutrition, separation and insulation.
(二)实验目的
(1)掌握神经元的结构与功能。
(2)掌握突触光镜及电镜的结构与分类。
(3)掌握神经纤维的结构与分类。
(4)熟悉神经胶质细胞的种类。
(5)了解几种主要神经末梢的结构特点。
(1) Master the structure and function of neurons.
(2) Master the structure and classification of synapses.
(3) Master the structure and classification of nerve fibres.
(4) Understand the classification of neuroglia.
(5) Understand the structure of nerve endings.
(三)实验内容
    】．多极神经元(图7一】．图7—2)切片取自猫脊髓，H．E染色。
    在脊髓横断面中央部呈“H”形或“蝴蝶形”、着色较深的部分为灰质，四周较淡的部分为
白质。灰质的一端比较宽大为前角，另一端比较窄小为后角。
    (1)低倍镜观察(图7—1)：前角可见有较大的细胞，为前角运动神经元，即多极神经元。
白质中有许多横切的神经纤维。脊髓中央有中央管，腔面为室管膜细胞。  ’
    (2)高倍镜观察(图7—2)：神经元胞体大．伸㈩数个突起，有的神经元只见1～2个或不
见突起，这是山于切片只切到神经元的一部分的缘故。神经元胞陔火而圆。染色浅，核仁明
显。胞质内有许多大小不等、形态不一的紫蓝色斑块为尼氏体(又称嗜染质)。树突粗．内
含尼氏体。偶见轴突和轴丘。轴丘、轴突内均无尼氏体，染成淡红色。神经元周围染蓝紫色
的细胞核为各种神经胶质细胞的核，粉红色的纤维为神经纤维及神经胶质细胞突起。
    2．多极神经元(图7 3)  本切片取自猫脊髓，镀银法染色。
    高倍镜观察：神经元胞体内有许多交织排列的棕褐色丝状结构，即神纤原纤维。神经元
伸出的轴突、树突内均有神经原纤维。
     1. Multipotar neurons ( Fig. 7-1,Fig. 7-2)  The sections are taken from spinal cord of cat, H.
E stain.
     The center of the section is relatively dark and appears an “H” or butterfly in shape. This is
the gray matter. The one end of the gray matter is wider than the other end thus the former is
called the anterior horns and the latter is called the posterior horns. The white matter is at the pe-
riphery.
     (1) Lower power( Fig. 7-1): There are a lot o~ large motor neurons which are multipolar neu
rons in the anterior horns. The white matter is composed of a great number of circles representing
the cross sectioned nerve fibers. ~
     (2) Higher power( Fig. 7-2): Motor.neurons in the anterior horns are big and irregular in
shape. Some neurons have 1 to 2 processes and some without processes because they are not be in-
cised. The nucleus are palely stained with a prominent nuc1eolus. In perikarya, there are numerous
Nissl bodies which are purple in color and in different size and shape. Some processes of motor neu
rons are thick and contain Nissl bodies (dendrites). Occasionally the axon hillock and axon can be
found which stain pink without Nissl bodies.
     Around the neurons are much smaller nuclei of neuroglial cells,which are stained in purple blue
color. The pink fibers are nerve fibers and the processes of the neuroglia.
     2. Multipolar neurons ( Fig. 7-3)   This section is taken from spinal cord of cat , silver-gilt
Stain.
     Higher power:In the perikarya of neurons there are a lot of threadlike structures which are
called neurofibrils. They interweave with each other and present brown color when impregnated
with silver. The dendrite and axon of neuron contain also neurofibrils.

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封面

书名:秒素组织学与胚胎学——实验指导与彩色图谱

作者:高英茂

页数:117

定价:¥29.0

出版社:科学出版社

出版日期:2008-01-01

ISBN:9787030201973

PDF电子书大小:88MB 高清扫描完整版